Purpose of Review Over 11 million individuals are incarcerated globally, facing health challenges... more Purpose of Review Over 11 million individuals are incarcerated globally, facing health challenges such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, possibly exacerbated by prison diets. The objective of this scoping review is to explore the various available types of nutrition education interventions that currently exist in the literature applied in prison settings. Recent Findings Utilizing the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, 19 databases were searched for studies on nutrition interventions in prisons from 2000 to May 2023, guided by the "PICO" structure. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles in five languages from peer-reviewed journals focusing solely on nutrition education interventions. Rayyan QCRI software was utilized for screening and data extraction. Fifteen international studies were analyzed, covering various countries and targeting different populations in prisons. Interventions varied from nutrition education to comprehensive health programs. The outcomes were inconsistent, with some showing health improvements and others encountering challenges. Few utilized established theoretical frameworks, indicating a research gap. Summary The range of interventions highlights the potential complexity of nutrition education interventions within prisons. Implementing recognized theoretical frameworks may enhance effectiveness. The diverse outcomes highlight the challenges in creating impactful programs, emphasizing foundational issues. Recommendations focus on rigorous research designs and understanding prison-specific complexities. Nutrition education interventions in incarcerated settings present varied results, emphasizing the need for well-structured, theoretically grounded, and carefully evaluated programs. Future strategies should recognize the multifaceted nature of correctional facilities, aiming for holistic approaches to improve health in prisons.
Consanguineous marriages are common in Saudi Arabia, increasing the risk of genetic blood disorde... more Consanguineous marriages are common in Saudi Arabia, increasing the risk of genetic blood disorders in offspring. This pilot study assessed the knowledge and perceived threats regarding genetic blood disorders, norms, and premarital screening for consanguineous marriage among unmarried university students in Saudi Arabia as a predictor of marriage decisions. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 22 January through 22 April 2022. In total, 400 unmarried students at Saudi Arabian universities were recruited using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. The results showed that the majority of participants had poor knowledge of genetic blood disorders. Most of the participants had a favorable attitude toward consanguineous marriage, while perceived threats towards genetic blood disorders were perceived as neutral by the participants. Moreover, their norms regarding consanguineous ma...
Objectives: This study assessed the stigmatisation of obesity among a sample of the general popul... more Objectives: This study assessed the stigmatisation of obesity among a sample of the general population in Riyadh and its association with the perception of controllability. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during January–February 2021 and included 384 participants who were recruited through a convenience sampling method. The data were collected using a self-administrated online questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using John’s Macintosh Project Version 16.0.0. Results: Most of the participants had a low level of stigma towards obesity (72.8%), and gender and BMI were significantly associated with the level of stigma at (p = .0023) and (p = .0360) respectively. The association between the perception of controllable factors and the level of stigma was also significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The data supported the hypothesis that there would be a significant association between stigmatisation on obesity and perception...
International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research
The sudden shift to e-learning during the pandemic has challenged the students in setting up prop... more The sudden shift to e-learning during the pandemic has challenged the students in setting up proper work areas with available space and resources. However, it is unclear whether these spaces conform to good ergonomic standards, which apply to information about human behaviour, abilities, limitations and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, tasks, jobs and environments for productive, safe, comfortable and effective human use. This study was conducted, in order to assess the ergonomic perceptions and practices in e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic among the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University students. An analytical cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 384 students from January to April 2021. A self-administered online questionnaire was used for the data collection. A descriptive data analysis and a Pearson chi-square test were done, using JMP Version 14. The results indicated positive ergonomic perceptions. With regard to pract...
Background Social media addiction has a negative effect on one’s daily lifestyle and impacts one’... more Background Social media addiction has a negative effect on one’s daily lifestyle and impacts one’s physical and psychological health, such as in increased feelings of loneliness. This study examined the prevalence of social media addiction and loneliness and the relationship between them among medical students at the Princess Nourah University. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students at the Princess Nourah University. A sample was conducted using a multistage technique. The sample size was 302. The tool was a self-administered paper questionnaire. Results Out of 302 participants, 225 (74%) had indications of social media addiction according to the self-reported scale, while around 146 (48%) had self-reported feelings of loneliness. There was a significant weak correlation between the social media addiction and loneliness measures (r = .361; p < 0.001). Conclusions A high prevalence of self-reported social media addiction was found in our study and was signifi...
This is a cross-sectional study which assessed the readiness to shift to e-learning in correlatio... more This is a cross-sectional study which assessed the readiness to shift to e-learning in correlation with perceived effectiveness and satisfaction following the sudden shift caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among students and instructors. The study compared perspectives between instructors (n = 47) and students (n = 254) at the College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (CHRS) at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Data were collected using an online questionnaire using convenient sampling method. The results showed a high level of readiness to shift to e-learning among instructors and students, as well as a positive correlation between perceived effectiveness and satisfaction. However, instructors showed a higher satisfaction level and perceived this shift to be effective more than students. This experience offers a reasonable foundation for any future plans to implement e-learning in health professions educ...
Background The control measures during COVID-19 such as curfew, lockdown, and social distancing h... more Background The control measures during COVID-19 such as curfew, lockdown, and social distancing had observed differences in controlling the spread of the disease around the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; however, they might contribute to psychological illnesses such as anxiety, depression, panic disorder, and distress. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess psychological distress and the factors affecting it among general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Seven hundred and thirty-nine people completed an online questionnaire which included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Psychological distress was found among 35% of the study sample. Western and northern regions reported higher rates of distress. In addition, higher rates were found among younger and unmarried individuals. Distress was significantly positively correlated with perceptions of susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 infection, and the fear to ...
This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to explore readiness with regard to the sudden... more This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to explore readiness with regard to the sudden shift towards emergency remote teaching and its correlation with perceived effectiveness, satisfaction, anxiety and attitudes among instructors in Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Data were gathered using an online questionnaire on readiness and perceptions of effectiveness, attitudes and satisfaction relating to the emergency remote teaching, as well as the anxiety resulting from it. Pearson’s test was performed to assess the correlations between different parameters. The results of the study showed that readiness in terms of emergency remote teaching was high, at 44.9% among instructors, while 64.8% of them scored moderately regarding their perception of the emergency remote teaching’s effectiveness. A positive attitude towards emergency remote teaching was reported by 18.5% of the instructors, although a high level of sa...
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2021
Introduction: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to use the knowledge, attitudes, and p... more Introduction: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to use the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) model as a framework to assess compliance with preventive measures against COVID-19 among residents of the city of Riyadh. Methodology: In May 2020, electronic study questionnaires on Microsoft Forms were distributed to a sample of 886 Riyadh residents via social media and WhatsApp groups. Results: We found that the participants had good knowledge. However, less than half of the participants exhibited positive attitudes and good practices toward COVID-19. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between their practices, attitudes, and knowledge. The most practiced behaviours among the participants were (1) a commitment to home quarantine, (2) the use of a tissue or the inside of an elbow when coughing or sneezing, (3) hand washing for a minimum of 20 seconds, and (4) sterilization of surfaces/equipment and wearing masks in public places. Regression analys...
New graduates’ transition into the workplace is a critical period and workplace learning during t... more New graduates’ transition into the workplace is a critical period and workplace learning during this period is under- researched, particularly for people coming into newly emerging professions such as Patient Educators. The aim of this thesis was to explore Patient Educator Interns’ (PEIs) experience of learning during internship. In this case study from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 PEIs. Following a narrative analysis, case summaries were developed, compared and interpreted. The study’s findings showed that being from a newly emerging profession can exacerbate the transition shock experienced by new graduates, as PEIs experienced additional challenges resulting from being new as a profession in the work force. The sociocultural element of transition shock was significant among those study participants who found it hard to settle in a workplace when they did not feel that they were formally recognised. The intellectual element of tra...
1Graduates, Health Education program, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabili... more 1Graduates, Health Education program, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Public Health, Community, Environment and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ldm-10.1177_2042753020981651 for Readiness towards emergency shif... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ldm-10.1177_2042753020981651 for Readiness towards emergency shifting to remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic among university instructors by Samiah Alqabbani, Afrah Almuwais Nada BenajibaFatmah Almoayad in E-Learning and Digital Media
International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 2021
Low awareness regarding the importance of oral health care during
pregnancy, can limit the preval... more Low awareness regarding the importance of oral health care during pregnancy, can limit the prevalence of oral health care among pregnant women. Awareness of the importance of oral health care starts even before pregnancy. The present study aimed to measure the effectiveness of a pilot oral health education intervention in changing oral health-related behavioral intentions, particularly perceptions of oral health care during pregnancy. A quasiexperimental study comprised a pretest–posttest was conducted with 46 female university students. The education program was based on the theory of planned behaviors and comprised mini lectures. A statistically significant positive changes were found in knowledge, attitude, and intention, while subjective norms significantly changed negatively; perceived behavioral control did not significantly change. Although not all elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour positively changed the participants’ intention to seek oral health care increased greatly. Therefore, there is a need of a community-based health promotion programme targeting preventive oral health care among women of childbearing age using theory-based education.
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ], 2021
Objectives: Infectious diseases are the most common cause of disease stigmatisation, which can le... more Objectives: Infectious diseases are the most common cause of disease stigmatisation, which can lead to a denial of healthcare, education, housing, and employment, as well as physical violence. Stigmatisation is common during pandemics. This study set out to examine the social stigmatisation of COVID-19 among resident of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Riyadh in May 2020. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to recruit the 847 participants through social media and WhatsApp. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and a chi-square test were used, as well as a multiple linear regression model. Results: The study revealed a high level of stigma among 21% of participants and an intermediate level in almost 49% of participants. Low stigma was indicated among 30% of the study sample. A highly significant association existed between stigma and older age groups, married individuals, and participants with lower le...
Purpose of Review Over 11 million individuals are incarcerated globally, facing health challenges... more Purpose of Review Over 11 million individuals are incarcerated globally, facing health challenges such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, possibly exacerbated by prison diets. The objective of this scoping review is to explore the various available types of nutrition education interventions that currently exist in the literature applied in prison settings. Recent Findings Utilizing the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, 19 databases were searched for studies on nutrition interventions in prisons from 2000 to May 2023, guided by the "PICO" structure. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles in five languages from peer-reviewed journals focusing solely on nutrition education interventions. Rayyan QCRI software was utilized for screening and data extraction. Fifteen international studies were analyzed, covering various countries and targeting different populations in prisons. Interventions varied from nutrition education to comprehensive health programs. The outcomes were inconsistent, with some showing health improvements and others encountering challenges. Few utilized established theoretical frameworks, indicating a research gap. Summary The range of interventions highlights the potential complexity of nutrition education interventions within prisons. Implementing recognized theoretical frameworks may enhance effectiveness. The diverse outcomes highlight the challenges in creating impactful programs, emphasizing foundational issues. Recommendations focus on rigorous research designs and understanding prison-specific complexities. Nutrition education interventions in incarcerated settings present varied results, emphasizing the need for well-structured, theoretically grounded, and carefully evaluated programs. Future strategies should recognize the multifaceted nature of correctional facilities, aiming for holistic approaches to improve health in prisons.
Consanguineous marriages are common in Saudi Arabia, increasing the risk of genetic blood disorde... more Consanguineous marriages are common in Saudi Arabia, increasing the risk of genetic blood disorders in offspring. This pilot study assessed the knowledge and perceived threats regarding genetic blood disorders, norms, and premarital screening for consanguineous marriage among unmarried university students in Saudi Arabia as a predictor of marriage decisions. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 22 January through 22 April 2022. In total, 400 unmarried students at Saudi Arabian universities were recruited using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. The results showed that the majority of participants had poor knowledge of genetic blood disorders. Most of the participants had a favorable attitude toward consanguineous marriage, while perceived threats towards genetic blood disorders were perceived as neutral by the participants. Moreover, their norms regarding consanguineous ma...
Objectives: This study assessed the stigmatisation of obesity among a sample of the general popul... more Objectives: This study assessed the stigmatisation of obesity among a sample of the general population in Riyadh and its association with the perception of controllability. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during January–February 2021 and included 384 participants who were recruited through a convenience sampling method. The data were collected using a self-administrated online questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using John’s Macintosh Project Version 16.0.0. Results: Most of the participants had a low level of stigma towards obesity (72.8%), and gender and BMI were significantly associated with the level of stigma at (p = .0023) and (p = .0360) respectively. The association between the perception of controllable factors and the level of stigma was also significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The data supported the hypothesis that there would be a significant association between stigmatisation on obesity and perception...
International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research
The sudden shift to e-learning during the pandemic has challenged the students in setting up prop... more The sudden shift to e-learning during the pandemic has challenged the students in setting up proper work areas with available space and resources. However, it is unclear whether these spaces conform to good ergonomic standards, which apply to information about human behaviour, abilities, limitations and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, tasks, jobs and environments for productive, safe, comfortable and effective human use. This study was conducted, in order to assess the ergonomic perceptions and practices in e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic among the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University students. An analytical cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 384 students from January to April 2021. A self-administered online questionnaire was used for the data collection. A descriptive data analysis and a Pearson chi-square test were done, using JMP Version 14. The results indicated positive ergonomic perceptions. With regard to pract...
Background Social media addiction has a negative effect on one’s daily lifestyle and impacts one’... more Background Social media addiction has a negative effect on one’s daily lifestyle and impacts one’s physical and psychological health, such as in increased feelings of loneliness. This study examined the prevalence of social media addiction and loneliness and the relationship between them among medical students at the Princess Nourah University. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students at the Princess Nourah University. A sample was conducted using a multistage technique. The sample size was 302. The tool was a self-administered paper questionnaire. Results Out of 302 participants, 225 (74%) had indications of social media addiction according to the self-reported scale, while around 146 (48%) had self-reported feelings of loneliness. There was a significant weak correlation between the social media addiction and loneliness measures (r = .361; p < 0.001). Conclusions A high prevalence of self-reported social media addiction was found in our study and was signifi...
This is a cross-sectional study which assessed the readiness to shift to e-learning in correlatio... more This is a cross-sectional study which assessed the readiness to shift to e-learning in correlation with perceived effectiveness and satisfaction following the sudden shift caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among students and instructors. The study compared perspectives between instructors (n = 47) and students (n = 254) at the College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (CHRS) at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Data were collected using an online questionnaire using convenient sampling method. The results showed a high level of readiness to shift to e-learning among instructors and students, as well as a positive correlation between perceived effectiveness and satisfaction. However, instructors showed a higher satisfaction level and perceived this shift to be effective more than students. This experience offers a reasonable foundation for any future plans to implement e-learning in health professions educ...
Background The control measures during COVID-19 such as curfew, lockdown, and social distancing h... more Background The control measures during COVID-19 such as curfew, lockdown, and social distancing had observed differences in controlling the spread of the disease around the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; however, they might contribute to psychological illnesses such as anxiety, depression, panic disorder, and distress. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess psychological distress and the factors affecting it among general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Seven hundred and thirty-nine people completed an online questionnaire which included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Psychological distress was found among 35% of the study sample. Western and northern regions reported higher rates of distress. In addition, higher rates were found among younger and unmarried individuals. Distress was significantly positively correlated with perceptions of susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 infection, and the fear to ...
This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to explore readiness with regard to the sudden... more This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to explore readiness with regard to the sudden shift towards emergency remote teaching and its correlation with perceived effectiveness, satisfaction, anxiety and attitudes among instructors in Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Data were gathered using an online questionnaire on readiness and perceptions of effectiveness, attitudes and satisfaction relating to the emergency remote teaching, as well as the anxiety resulting from it. Pearson’s test was performed to assess the correlations between different parameters. The results of the study showed that readiness in terms of emergency remote teaching was high, at 44.9% among instructors, while 64.8% of them scored moderately regarding their perception of the emergency remote teaching’s effectiveness. A positive attitude towards emergency remote teaching was reported by 18.5% of the instructors, although a high level of sa...
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2021
Introduction: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to use the knowledge, attitudes, and p... more Introduction: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to use the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) model as a framework to assess compliance with preventive measures against COVID-19 among residents of the city of Riyadh. Methodology: In May 2020, electronic study questionnaires on Microsoft Forms were distributed to a sample of 886 Riyadh residents via social media and WhatsApp groups. Results: We found that the participants had good knowledge. However, less than half of the participants exhibited positive attitudes and good practices toward COVID-19. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between their practices, attitudes, and knowledge. The most practiced behaviours among the participants were (1) a commitment to home quarantine, (2) the use of a tissue or the inside of an elbow when coughing or sneezing, (3) hand washing for a minimum of 20 seconds, and (4) sterilization of surfaces/equipment and wearing masks in public places. Regression analys...
New graduates’ transition into the workplace is a critical period and workplace learning during t... more New graduates’ transition into the workplace is a critical period and workplace learning during this period is under- researched, particularly for people coming into newly emerging professions such as Patient Educators. The aim of this thesis was to explore Patient Educator Interns’ (PEIs) experience of learning during internship. In this case study from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 PEIs. Following a narrative analysis, case summaries were developed, compared and interpreted. The study’s findings showed that being from a newly emerging profession can exacerbate the transition shock experienced by new graduates, as PEIs experienced additional challenges resulting from being new as a profession in the work force. The sociocultural element of transition shock was significant among those study participants who found it hard to settle in a workplace when they did not feel that they were formally recognised. The intellectual element of tra...
1Graduates, Health Education program, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabili... more 1Graduates, Health Education program, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Public Health, Community, Environment and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ldm-10.1177_2042753020981651 for Readiness towards emergency shif... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ldm-10.1177_2042753020981651 for Readiness towards emergency shifting to remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic among university instructors by Samiah Alqabbani, Afrah Almuwais Nada BenajibaFatmah Almoayad in E-Learning and Digital Media
International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 2021
Low awareness regarding the importance of oral health care during
pregnancy, can limit the preval... more Low awareness regarding the importance of oral health care during pregnancy, can limit the prevalence of oral health care among pregnant women. Awareness of the importance of oral health care starts even before pregnancy. The present study aimed to measure the effectiveness of a pilot oral health education intervention in changing oral health-related behavioral intentions, particularly perceptions of oral health care during pregnancy. A quasiexperimental study comprised a pretest–posttest was conducted with 46 female university students. The education program was based on the theory of planned behaviors and comprised mini lectures. A statistically significant positive changes were found in knowledge, attitude, and intention, while subjective norms significantly changed negatively; perceived behavioral control did not significantly change. Although not all elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour positively changed the participants’ intention to seek oral health care increased greatly. Therefore, there is a need of a community-based health promotion programme targeting preventive oral health care among women of childbearing age using theory-based education.
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ], 2021
Objectives: Infectious diseases are the most common cause of disease stigmatisation, which can le... more Objectives: Infectious diseases are the most common cause of disease stigmatisation, which can lead to a denial of healthcare, education, housing, and employment, as well as physical violence. Stigmatisation is common during pandemics. This study set out to examine the social stigmatisation of COVID-19 among resident of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Riyadh in May 2020. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to recruit the 847 participants through social media and WhatsApp. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and a chi-square test were used, as well as a multiple linear regression model. Results: The study revealed a high level of stigma among 21% of participants and an intermediate level in almost 49% of participants. Low stigma was indicated among 30% of the study sample. A highly significant association existed between stigma and older age groups, married individuals, and participants with lower le...
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pregnancy, can limit the prevalence of oral health care among
pregnant women. Awareness of the importance of oral health
care starts even before pregnancy. The present study aimed to
measure the effectiveness of a pilot oral health education intervention
in changing oral health-related behavioral intentions, particularly
perceptions of oral health care during pregnancy. A quasiexperimental
study comprised a pretest–posttest was conducted
with 46 female university students. The education program was
based on the theory of planned behaviors and comprised mini
lectures. A statistically significant positive changes were found in
knowledge, attitude, and intention, while subjective norms significantly
changed negatively; perceived behavioral control did not
significantly change. Although not all elements of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour positively changed the participants’ intention to
seek oral health care increased greatly. Therefore, there is a need of
a community-based health promotion programme targeting preventive
oral health care among women of childbearing age using
theory-based education.
pregnancy, can limit the prevalence of oral health care among
pregnant women. Awareness of the importance of oral health
care starts even before pregnancy. The present study aimed to
measure the effectiveness of a pilot oral health education intervention
in changing oral health-related behavioral intentions, particularly
perceptions of oral health care during pregnancy. A quasiexperimental
study comprised a pretest–posttest was conducted
with 46 female university students. The education program was
based on the theory of planned behaviors and comprised mini
lectures. A statistically significant positive changes were found in
knowledge, attitude, and intention, while subjective norms significantly
changed negatively; perceived behavioral control did not
significantly change. Although not all elements of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour positively changed the participants’ intention to
seek oral health care increased greatly. Therefore, there is a need of
a community-based health promotion programme targeting preventive
oral health care among women of childbearing age using
theory-based education.